Flashcards: the dog's organs

Answer key

1. Heart (cor) — In the middle mediastinum, between thoracic vertebrae 3 and 8, with the apex toward the sternum.
2. Lungs (pulmones) — They fill the thoracic cavity from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm; the left lung is drawn here.
3. Trachea (trachea) — From the larynx, beneath the cervical spine, to the carina, in the middle of the thorax.
4. Esophagus (oesophagus) — Dorsal to the trachea in the neck, then through the mediastinum to the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
5. Larynx (larynx) — At the entrance to the trachea, below the pharynx, suspended from the hyoid apparatus.
6. Thymus (thymus) — In the cranial and ventral mediastinum, in front of the heart.
7. Liver (hepar) — Immediately caudal to the diaphragm, entirely within the costal arch.
8. Stomach (ventriculus (gaster)) — On the left, immediately caudal to the diaphragm and the liver, with its long axis perpendicular to the spine.
9. Spleen (lien (splen)) — Along the left abdominal wall, cranial and ventral, parallel to the greater curvature of the stomach.
10. Pancreas (pancreas) — V-shaped: the right lobe next to the descending duodenum, the left lobe next to the greater curvature of the stomach.
11. Duodenum (duodenum) — The first part of the small intestine, on the right side (dashed outline).
12. Jejunum and ileum (jejunum et ileum) — The loops of the small intestine in the ventral abdomen, held by the root of the mesentery.
13. Cecum (caecum) — On the right side, caudoventral to the ascending colon (dashed outline).
14. Ascending colon (colon ascendens) — Short, on the right of the root of the mesentery, medial to the descending duodenum (dashed outline).
15. Transverse and descending colon (colon transversum et descendens) — The transverse colon crosses from right to left, cranial to the root of the mesentery; the descending colon runs down the left side to the rectum.
16. Rectum (rectum) — In the pelvis, dorsally, from the pelvic inlet to the anal canal.
17. Left kidney (ren sinister) — Retroperitoneal, dorsal, at the level of lumbar vertebrae 1-3.
18. Right kidney (ren dexter) — More cranial than the left, roughly T13-L2, with its cranial pole in the renal fossa of the liver (dashed outline).
19. Adrenal glands (glandulae suprarenales) — Cranial and medial to each kidney.
20. Urinary bladder (vesica urinaria) — In the caudal abdomen, toward the pelvic inlet; its size depends on filling.
21. Prostate (male) (prostata) — In the male, immediately caudal to the neck of the bladder, around the prostatic urethra, at the pelvic inlet.
22. Uterus and ovaries (female) (uterus et ovaria) — The ovaries caudal to the kidneys, attached to the dorsal wall; the uterine horns run down to the uterine body and cervix, dorsal to the bladder.
23. Brain (encephalon) — In the cranial cavity, protected by the neurocranium.
24. Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) — In the vertebral canal, from the foramen magnum backward, below the crests of the vertebrae.
25. Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) — On the sides of the trachea, immediately behind the larynx, along the first 6-7 tracheal rings.
26. Cerebellum (cerebellum) — In the back part of the braincase, behind the hemispheres, above the brainstem.
27. Brainstem (truncus encephali) — Below the cerebellum, between the hemispheres and the spinal cord.
28. Olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius) — At the front end of the brain, below the frontal lobes, on the cribriform plate.
29. Hypophysis (hypophysis) — Below the brain, in the hypophyseal fossa of the base of the skull.
30. Tongue (lingua) — On the floor of the mouth, between the rami of the mandible, attached to the hyoid and to the chin.
31. Parotid gland (glandula parotidea) — At the base of the ear, between the ramus of the mandible and the masseter.
32. Mandibular gland (glandula mandibularis) — Below and behind the angle of the mandible, next to the jugular vein.
33. Mandibular lymph nodes (lymphonodi mandibulares) — Below the angle of the mandible, immediately under the skin.